Exodus Propulsion Technologies builds electric propulsion thrusters for spacecraft that generate thrust without propellant. The technology applies electrostatic pressure across an asymmetrically shaped capacitor to produce a net force, as demonstrated in lab tests yielding 5.2 millinewtons from a 1 square meter device at 1500 volts. This approach eliminates the mass penalty of traditional chemical or ion propulsion systems. The company targets the market for satellite maneuvering and deep space missions. Founders include Charles Buhler, former NASA engineer with experience on ISS propulsion, and other ex-NASA/JPL team members. A prototype was tested on a torsion pendulum and inverted pendulum balance. The company is headquartered in Miami Beach, Florida.